Economy - overview Turkmenistan is largely desert country with nomadic cattle raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and oil resources. One-half of its irrigated land is planted in cotton, making it the world's tenth largest producer. It also possesses the world's fifth largest reserves of natural gas and substantial oil resources. Until the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had experienced less economic disruption than other former Soviet states because its economy received a boost from higher prices for oil and gas and a sharp increase in hard currency earnings. In 1994, Russia's refusal to export Turkmen gas to hard currency markets and mounting debts of its major customers in the former USSR for gas deliveries contributed to a sharp fall in industrial production and caused the budget to shift from a surplus to a slight deficit. The economy bottomed out in 1996, but high inflation continued. Furthermore, with an authoritarian ex-communist regime in power and a tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy. In 1996, the government set in place a stabilization program aimed at a unified and market-based exchange rate, allocation of government credits by auction, and strict limits on budget deficits. Privatization goals remain limited. Turkmenistan is working hard to open new gas export channels through Iran and Turkey to Europe, but these will take many years to realize.

GDP purchasing power parity - $12.5 billion (1996 est.)

GDP - real growth rate -0.3% (1996)

GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $3,000 (1996 est.)

GDP - composition by sector
agriculture: 18%
industry: 50%
services: 32% (1996 est.)

Inflation rate - consumer price index 992% (1996 est.)

Labor force
total: 2.34 million (1996)
by occupation: agriculture and forestry 44%, industry and construction 19%, other 37% (1996)

Unemployment rate NA%

Budget
revenues: $521 million
expenditures: $548 million, including capital expenditures of $83 million (1996 est.)

Industries natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing

Industrial production growth rate NA%

Electricity - capacity 3.95 million kW (1995)

Electricity - production 9.204 billion kWh (1995)

Electricity - consumption per capita 2,013 kWh (1995)

Agriculture - products cotton, grain; livestock

Exports
total value: $1.7 billion to states outside the FSU (1996)
commodities: natural gas, cotton, petroleum products, textiles, electricity, carpets
partners: FSU, Hong Kong, Switzerland, US, Germany, Turkey (1996)

Imports
total value: $1.5 billion from states outside the FSU (1996)
commodities: machinery and parts, grain and food, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles
partners: FSU, US, Turkey, Germany, Cyprus (1996)

Debt - external $400 million (of which $275 million to Russia) (1995 est.)

Economic aid
recipient: ODA, $10 million (1993)
note: commitments, $1,830 million ($375 million drawn), 1992-95

Currency 1 Tukmen manat (TMM) = 100 tenesi; Turkmenistan introduced its national currency on 1 November 1993

Exchange rates manats per US$1 - 4,070 (January 1997), 2,400 (January 1996)
note: government established a unified rate in mid-January 1996

Fiscal year calendar year

NOTE: The information regarding Turkmenistan on this page is re-published from the 1998 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Turkmenistan Economy 1998 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Turkmenistan Economy 1998 should be addressed to the CIA.